Caching: Implement Redis or Memcached to cache database queries or frequent results. SQL optimization: Use the EXPLAIN command in MySQL to analyze slow queries. Add indexes on frequently searched columns. GZIP compression: Enable GZIP at the server level to reduce HTML, CSS, and JS file sizes. Code minification: Minify CSS and JavaScript files by removing unnecessary whitespace and comments before serving to clients. CDN: Use a CDN (Cloudflare, Fastly) to serve static assets (images, CSS, JS) from servers closest to your users. Image optimization: Compress PNG/JPEG images and implement “lazy load” for below-the-fold images.